The present research was conducted with the aim of the relationship between social factors and family VIOLENCE against children (child abuse). The used method was a survey and the data collection tool was also a questionnaire. From a total of 155 families with a history of child abuse based on the social emergency statistics of Tehran in the last 6 months of 1397, 110 families (parents with one or more children) were selected in District 9 of Tehran Municipality. The random sampling method was simple. In the present study, children under 11 years (6-11 years) were defined as the age range of children and family VIOLENCE was also defined as VIOLENCE applied by parents, older siblings. Research hypotheses were tested with SPSS statistical software through Pearson's correlation coefficient. The results showed that the experience of VIOLENCE has a positive relationship with psychological VIOLENCE, physical VIOLENCE, neglect against children and family VIOLENCE against children. In other results, it was found that VIOLENCE-oriented mentality has a positive relationship with psychological VIOLENCE, physical VIOLENCE, neglect against children and family VIOLENCE against children. In the continuation of the obtained results, the positive relationship of family problems with mental VIOLENCE, physical VIOLENCE and neglect against children and family VIOLENCE against children was confirmed and it was found that gender stereotypes have a positive relationship with mental VIOLENCE, physical VIOLENCE and neglect against children and family VIOLENCE against children. Finally, in the main hypothesis, the results showed: social factors have a positive relationship with psychological VIOLENCE, physical VIOLENCE and neglect against children and family VIOLENCE against children.

The desert areas of the playas are important due to the diversity of geomorphological landforms and the great potential for geo-tourism development. These areas can be provided using statistical and quantitative models to determine the areas with a higher geomorphological diversity value to land planners for the sustainable development. This research was conducted to evaluate the geomorphodiversity in Mesileh playas in Namak Lake and Hoz-e- Sultan region. The geomorphological landforms in this area were extracted using satellite images and field studies, Fragstats software and the eight quantitative indicators of the landscape metrics include Patch Richness Density, Relative Patch Richness, Simpsons Evenness Index, Index Shannon Evenness, Shannons Diversity Index, Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Simpson's Diversity Index, Modified Sahanon Evenness Index were exerted to evaluate the richness of geomorphological units in Masileh playas. The results indicate that the geomorphological units of alluvial fans, salt flats, salt mud flats and dunes, respectively, have the highest value among the landscape metrics. In addition, from the point of view of the landscape metrics, the northwest regions of Kashan and Abuzeydabad have the most incredible variety of geomorphology. This research showed that geomorphological units could be used as a suitable indicator in evaluating the diversity of the landscape, especially in flat areas with morphometric and geological diversity.

To investigate the response of corn to combined APPLICATION of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting, an experiment was conducted in 2017 at Research farm of Agricultural and Natural Resources Campus of Tehran University, Karaj, Iran, in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Four nutritional treatments including T1 (Control treatment without applying fertilizer), T2 (Just PGPRs), T3 (Use chemical fertilizers based on soil test) and T4 (T3 + PGPRs) were considered. According to the results, the highest total dry weight (3.9 kg/m2), crop growth rate (79.8 g.m-2.day-1), net assimilation rate (15.3 g.m-2.day-1) and grain yield (18.2 ton.ha-1) were observed in T4 treatment and T2 treatment produced the highest  leaf area index (5.3), leaf area duration (205.2) and specific leaf weight (78.5 g.m-2) . Also, the lowest value of all traits was observed in in T1 (control) treatment. The results showed that the presence of rhizobacteria plant growth promotioninduction in the corn nutrition program increased the growth and growth indices of the plant. Combined APPLICATION of chemical fertilizers with rhizobacteria plant growth promoting resulted in the highest growth and final grain yield of corn.

The present research studied the (causal, contextual, and intervening) conditions, strategies, and consequences of VIOLENCE in the lives of child wives in Chabahar city, conducted with a qualitative methodology based on grounded theory. For this purpose, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 28 child-married girls in Chabahar city who were selected through theoretical sampling and snowball method. The analysis of the data in the framework of the three-level open, axial and selective coding system showed that gendered inequality and discrimination, women's inferiority, men's value, the culture of silence and the culture of VIOLENCE play a role in the experience of child-wives in terms of VIOLENCE (causal conditions), which leads to a type of increased, double VIOLENCE for them (core category); VIOLENCE that operates within the framework of the family institution, the main mechanism of which are previous traditions and rules, and the perpetrators of which are men and women who were themselves the victims of the same traditions and rules that they have, now, internalized and used again against their daughters. This increased VIOLENCE happens in a context where patriarchy is widespread (contextual conditions) and due to the generalized self-deprecation among child wives (intervening conditions), they may attempt to escape, get separated, threaten, and commit suicide (strategies), and these actions have consequences such as symbolic, physical, and sexual VIOLENCE and even social isolation (consequences).

Different types of contact, including contact between node pairs, any-contact of nodes, and contacts of the entire network, are used to characterize social relations in mobile social networks. Different modes of routing, from the point of view of message delivery semantics, encompass unicasting, multicasting, any-casting, and broadcasting. Studies have shown that using probability distribution functions of contact data, which is mainly assumed to be homogeneous for nodes, improves the performance of these networks. However, there exists an important challenge in studies on distributions. A lot of works apply the distribution of one type of contact to other types. Hence in routing APPLICATIONs, it causes to use of the distribution of one type of contact for any mode of routing. This study provides a complete solution to model each type of homogeneous contact data distribution and to use them in different modes of routing. We propose a routing algorithm that uses this new model. Results show that our solution improves the average latency of comparing methods Epidemic, TCCB, and DR about 3.5-times, 30%, and 45%, respectively. It achieves a delivery rate of about 5% and 6%, and average latency about 6% and 8% better than that of DR and TCCB, respectively.

To evaluate the effect of nitrogen and water withholding in vegetative growth stage of corn on efficacy of nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Tarbiat Modares University in 2017. The first factor contained four treatments including APPLICATION of nicosulfuron, 2,4-D+ MCPA, weed free and weed infested as control. The second factor consisted of normal irrigation and water withholding from 4 to 8 leaf stage. Third factor contained either urea APPLICATION or no fertilizer APPLICATION. Normal irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer APPLICATION significantly increased nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA efficacy in weed control and total weed dry weight decreased to 341 and 361 g.m-2 respectively compared 1370 g.m-2 as weed infested. Nicosulfuron and 2,4-D+ MCPA reduced weed total dry weight significantly under irrigation withholding. Grain yield increased with APPLICATION of nitrogen and nicosulfuron. Grain yield was higher with APPLICATION of 2,4-D+ MCPA than nicosulfuron without nitrogen APPLICATION under irrigation withholding. APPLICATION of nicosulfuron with nitrogen APPLICATION provided satisfactory weed control and increased grain yield.

To assesse the iron and silicon effects on the yield and physiological characteristics of green pea, Wando cultivar by ASGrow Corporation was used in three levels of iron chelate (0.05, 0.1 and 0.3 gr per l-1) and silicon (0, 14 and 28 mg per l-1), as a factorial experimental in completely randomized design with three replications. In this experiment, characterisics such as fresh and dry weight of grain, the number of grain per pod, concentration of Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn and Si in leaf and grain were measured. Results showed that the interaction of Fe and Si was significant at p<0.01 on grain fresh and dry wigeht, concentratin of leaf and grain Fe, leaf Mn, leaf and grain Zn and leaf Si and the APPLICATION of Fe and Si was significant separately, on other traits such as number of grain per pod, concentration of leaf and grain Cu, Mn and Si in grain.  The Mean squares showed that the APPLICATION of Fe and Si significantly increased fresh and dry grain weight and Si laef concetration and decreased the concentratin of leaf and grain Fe and Mn as well as grain Mn.  The enhancement of Fe and Si APPLICATION separately decreased the concentration of Mn, Cu and zinc leaf and grains, but the Si concentration of leaf and grain were increased by Si APPLICATION. The concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were decreased in leaf and grain because of antagonistic effects. It can be concluded that Si reduces the harmfull effects of high levels of iron toxicity and the APPLICATION of 0.1 g/l and 25 mg/l can be recommended as the best treatments.

To investigate the effects of fertilizer regimes on quantitative and qualitative traits of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss, a field experiment at three replications with the Split Plate arrangement in a completely randomized block design was conducted in the Research Field of Tarbiat Modares University during the 2017-18 growing season.Water deficit stress (irrigation after discharging 20 (optimal irrigation), 40 (mild water deficit stress), 60 (moderate water deficit stress) and 80% (severe water deficit stress) of water used (available water)) in the main plot and fertilizer regime (urea, nitroxin, vermicompost, azocompost and no fertilizer) in the subplot were studied. The results showed that the highest leaf fresh weight (1797 kg ha-1) and total biomass (2957 kg ha-1) were obtained by APPLICATION of urea in mild water deficit stress condition and the highest dry matter digestibility percentage was observed in azocompost treatment in moderate water deficit stress condition (57.8%). The highest crude protein was produced in severe water deficit stress condition (19.72%) and moderate water deficit stress (18.4%), respectively.. The highest percentage of water soluble carbohydrate and neutral detergent fiber were obtained from no fertilizer in moderate water deficit stress (22.06%) and APPLICATION of urea in severe water deficit stress conditions, respectively. Mild water deficit stress APPLICATION to produce high biomass is recommended for Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. According to the results, APPLICATION of urea in mild water deficit stress was selected as the best treatment to produce forage 32% more than control.

Although the result of criminal behaviour against the person is often shown as some sort of physical injury, but in some cases, the committed behavior may cause the victim to fear and panic, fear that VIOLENCE will be used against themself in the near future. In these situations, the victim without takes action against themself or another, because of the fear created, such as inflicting some harm, suffers some kind of psychological harm, so that it can be said that their psychical integrity is assaulted. In the English criminal system, this type of assault has a certain criminal title, But Iranian lawmaker do not pay attention to committing such conducts specifically, so the courts have to determineArsh. However, comparative study of the mentioned behaviors in the two Iranian and English criminal systems indicates the need to criminalize, and also to determine the appropriate Taeziripunishment for them, in particular.